Patriarch Michael Cerularius's response to being excommunicated by the representative of Pope Leo IX in 1054 was that he appealed to the other bishops of the church to settle the matter
<h3>What is an
excommunication?</h3>
It refers to the religion censure by which a person is excluded from the communion of believers and the rights of church membership but not necessarily from membership in the church as such.
Therefore, the Option A is correct.
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We are accustomed to a capitalist economy, good communication and transportation, and to solving our problems at the state or national level, so we tend to think that decentralized authority is primitive and ineffective. This is not necessarily so, and feudalism is not completely foreign to American society. Let me try to discuss feudalism from three different aspects. The paragraphs in bold will provide the sort of discussion that you are likely to find in the average college textbook; those in regular print will provide some idea of the historical conditions under which the feudal organization of society arose; and those in red will discuss the growth of an example of American feudalism with which most of you are familiar, if only through films and TV.
Thomas Hobbes
In this state, every person has a natural right to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life, and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" (Leviathan, Chapters XIII–XIV).
The factor that was not a policy of Mikhail Gorbachev was he wanted to establish an entirely free-market capitalist economy.
<h3>What did Mikhail Gorbachev do?</h3>
Mikhail Gorbachev was the last premier of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Communist Party.
He tried to reform the nations so that Communism would be saved in the Soviet Union while still keeping the economy intact. He however believed that Communism was the best way and did not want a free-market capitalist economy.
Options include:
- Openness
- More freedom for Soviet citizens
- establish an entirely free-market capitalist economy
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