Theoretically, how might researchers disrupt signal transduction pathways as possible treatments for cancer?

Biology

1 answer:

ivann1987 [24]2 years ago

8 0

Answer:

d. disrupt the function of protein kinases involved in cell cycle regulation.

Explanation:

Protein kinases which are useful in cell cycles have major roles in the formation of tumors. So many of these protein kinases go through mutations. Cell cycles would be unable to be stoped and tumor would keep increasing.

A lot of receptors are G protein coupled. So it is going to be really helpful to alter and make G protein receptors to be inactive. Most if these kinases go through means of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Targeting these would cause disruption in signal transduction in cells with cancer

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About the question:

You will find the pedigree in the attached files

Answer:

individual 4 → Affected woman → Black circle
individual 5 → Affected woman or man → Black circle or square
individual 7 → Healthy woman → Empty circle
individual 10 → Affected boy → Black Square

Explanation:

Mitochondrial inheritance is the transmission of a disease or a trait from the maternal line.

Most of the DNI is in the nucleus, but there is also DNI in mitochondria. Sperm cells hardly transfer mitochondrial genes to the progeny, so mitochondrial DNI is mostly inherited from the maternal side. If there exists any mutation in this mitochondrial DNI, the whole progeny of the mutated woman will be affected, as they will get the mother genotype carrying the mutation. On the contrary, if an affected man is carrying a mutation in mitochondrial DNI, non of their descendants will get the disease.

Before answering the question, let us remember the pedigree symbols.

Squares represent Males/Men
Circles represent Females/Women
Empty symbols represent healthy/non-affected individuals
Solid black symbols represent sick/affected individuals

In the exposed pedigree, we can see that the mother is affected by the disease (individual number 2), so all her children are also affected (individuals 4, 5, and 6) because the disease is mitochondrially inherited.

Individual 3 is a healthy man, so individual 4 must be an affected woman (Black circle). As she is the one affected, then all her children will also be affected. This couple had one boy and two girls. Individuals 8 and 9 are girls (circle), so individual 10 must be the affected boy (black square).

On the other hand, individual 6 is an affected man (black square), son of individuals 1 and 2. This man couples with a woman, and they have all healthy children. So this woman (individual 7) must be healthy. Even though the man is affected, all their children are not because their mother (7) is not. Remember that sperm cells do not transmit the mitochondrial genes to the progeny.

And finally, individual number 5 might be either a man or a woman. In any case, this person is also affected by Leigh's disease.