A clade is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are based on cladistics. This is a method of comparing traits in related species to determine ancestor-descendant relationships. Clades are represented by cladograms, like the one in Figure below.
You could say variation in offspring (so cloning things they basically just multiple the exact same thing but with reproduction, whatever is made differs a little bit or a lot from its "parents"
Agarose<span> is a polysaccharide that can be used to form a </span>gel<span> to separate molecules based on size. </span><span>Small DNA fragments wiggle through the pores in the </span>agarose gel<span> faster than longer fragments.</span>
When we talk about meiosis I and II we talk about gametes formation.
The objective is to create cells with half DNA charge, called haploids.
At the meiosis I, in prophase I, crossing over happens and anaphase separated homologous chromosomes.
In the end, you still have cells with all DNA charges (2n).
To start meiosis II cells does not duplicate its DNA. When anaphase II happens sister chromatids split, and you end with half DNA charge cells. Haploids or (n).
