Now it is clear that genes are what carry our traits through generations and that genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). But genes themselves don't do the actual work. Rather, they serve as instruction books for making functional molecules such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins, which perform the chemical reactions in our bodies.Proteins do many other things, too. They provide the body's main building materials, forming the cell's architecture and structural components. But one thing proteins can't do is make copies of themselves. When a cell needs more proteins, it uses the manufacturing instructions coded in DNA.The DNA code of a gene—the sequence of its individual DNA building blocks, labeled A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine) and G (guanine) and collectively called nucleotides— spells out the exact order of a protein's building blocks, amino acids.
Occasionally, there is a kind of typographical error in a gene's DNA sequence. This mistake— which can be a change, gap or duplication—is called a mutation.
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adaptation-the inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival and to reproduce.
fitness -the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
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The component of water potential due to the hydrostatic pressure that is exerted on water in a cell. ... In turgid plant cells it usually has a positive value as the entry of water causes the protoplast to push against the cell wall (see turgor).
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the Mongol empire was the largest contiguous empire in history:)
