Archaeological evidence indicates that civilization emerged in the Indus Valley around 3300
BCE. Over two millenniums, the inhabitants of this northwestern region of the Indian
subcontinent developed into a prosperous civilization with a distinct cultural style. However,
around 1500 BCE, a new culture, the Aryans, entered India through the Khyber Pass, and
began integrating themselves into the social framework of the Indus Valley civilization.
The origin of the Aryan people is subject to continuous scholarly debate; however, two theories
prevail. Traditionally, it has been thought that the Aryans emerged in the Caucasus region and
migrated westward into Europe and eastward into India. Another theory, the Cultural Diffusion
Hypothesis, states that the Aryans originated in the Indus Valley.
The Aryans furnished civilization in the Indian subcontinent with many impressive cultural and
religious contributions and shaped Indian society for thousands of years with the creation of the
caste system.
Society
According to traditional theories, the Indian caste system has its origins in the advent of the
Aryans in the Indus Valley. Thus, this social stratification system was the product of the Aryan
people’s will to separate themselves from, and subjugate, the local populations.
Initially, this new society, which included Aryans and non-Aryans, was hierarchically divided into
four varnas (i.e. castes). In fact, these four original varnas could be better categorized in two
groups: Aryans and Non-Aryans. Nevertheless, the four varnas, from the top down, were: the
Brahmins—Aryans (priests, scholars, and philosophers); the Kshatriyas—Aryans (rulers and
warriors); the Vaishyas—Aryans (farmers, traders, merchants, and craftsmen); and the lowest
caste, the Shudras—non-Aryans (laborers, peasants, and servants for the other castes).
Each varna was divided into jatis (i.e. sub-castes), which identified the individual’s occupation
and imposed marriage restrictions. Marriage was only possible between members of the same
jati (or two that were very close).
Both varnas and jatis determined a person’s purity level. Members of higher varnas or jatis had
higher purity levels, and if contaminated (even by touch) by members of lower social groups,
they would have to undergo extensive cleansing rites.
Because during that time railroad company's would monopolies on farmers and the act required them to have a reasonable and just cost to use railroads. Hope this helps.
After a fierce debate in Congress, in November of 1939, a final Neutrality Act<span>passed. This </span>Act<span> lifted the arms embargo and put all trade with belligerent nations under the terms of “cash-and-carry.” The ban on loans remained in effect, and</span>American<span> ships were barred from transporting goods to belligerent ports.</span>
The Renaissance was a period in European cultural history that followed the Middle Ages. It started in Italy in the fourteenth century and spread throughout most of Europe in the following centuries.
Renaissance architecture emerged around 1400 and passed into Baroque around 1600. It is a period in which master builders gained prestige and confidence and saw themselves no longer as craftsmen, but as scholars.
Ancient Greek and Roman architecture was rediscovered and admired. Proportion and harmony were very important, just like in classical times. However, where the proportions in antiquity were taken from music theory, Renaissance architects often used the human body as a starting point. A distinctive characteristic of this period is the use of pilasters in the facades and pediments above window and door openings.