The answer is b, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was not a bureaucracy, but ran by a "food chain" where the pharaoh is at the top, and peasants/farmers were at the bottom.
The Progressivism accomplish the populist agenda by including not only the political leaders but also academic people, educators, large farmers, business men and both women and black activists. All these groups shared a basic beliefs to solve the many social, economic and political problems that faced the rapidly modernizing nation by then.