Hamilton's next objective was to create a Bank of the United States, modeled after the Bank of England. A national bank would collect taxes, hold government funds, and make loans to the government and borrowers. One criticism directed against the bank was "unrepublican"--it would encourage speculation and corruption. The bank was also opposed on constitutional grounds. Adopting a position known as "strict constructionism," Thomas Jefferson and James Madison charged that a national bank was unconstitutional since the Constitution did not specifically give Congress the power to create a bank.
Hamilton responded to the charge that a bank was unconstitutional by formulating the doctrine of "implied powers." He argued that Congress had the power to create a bank because the Constitution granted the federal government authority to do anything "necessary and proper" to carry out its constitutional functions (in this case its fiscal duties).
In 1791, Congress passed a bill creating a national bank for a term of 20 years, leaving the question of the bank's constitutionality up to President Washington. The president reluctantly decided to sign the measure out of a conviction that a bank was necessary for the nation's financial well-being.
<u>Marbury VS Madison</u>
John Marshall, in his decision, is in charge of pacifying the issue. Marshall argues, in short, that, in the hierarchy of laws, the US Constitution rules and the courts, as well as the other departments, are bound by it. Thus any law contrary to the Constitution should be declared void.
Thus, Marshall incidentally (incidentally) decides the unconstitutionality of Section 13 of the Judiciary Act, to the extent that it contravenes the precepts of the American Constitution. The unconstitutionality of a law was declared without the analysis of the merit itself. Note that Marshall, in making such a decision not on the merits, does not, in theory, give a favorable understanding to either of the poles, so as not to generate for him political conflicts with both parties.
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The Whiskey Rebellion</u>
It was a "tax protest" in the United States, beginning in 1791 and culminating in an insurrection in 1794. The rebellion took place primarily in Washington, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley during the presidency of George Washington under the command of the American revolutionary war veteran Major James McFarlane.
There were settlement houses run by sympathetic people and churches that helped house and feed the poor. Also, political bosses would help the poor get jobs and such in return for their votes.
