The question would have been easier to answer, if some options would have been given. Based on my knowledge, i am answering the question and hope that it helps you. As Eastern European nations began to reform away from the Communist style of government, the nation that initiated reforms first, under solidarity, during the early 1980s was Poland.
... in response to other persons in leadership in China that Mao thought focused too much on technical expertise and not on ideological purity.
Mao Zedong began the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (its official name) in 1966. A big part of the program was the closing of China's schools, because Mao saw the majority of educators as bourgeois types who were failing to support the communist revolution. The Cultural Revolution was an insistence on loyalty to communist party ideology.
The Red Guard was formed, which was made up of high school and college students (no longer attending school, since schools were shut down). These radicalized students became militants for Mao over against those whom he considered not revolutionary enough. The Red Guard destroyed historical artifacts and writings of the of China's former culture. They also attacked persons who were seen to be resisting Chairman Mao's permanent revolution.
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John Jay is best known as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, serving from September 1789 to June 1795. He was born in New York City, New York. He also lived in Rye, Bedford, Katonah, and Westchester County, all in New York.