Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
I know it’s a fungus (I think it’s honey fungus) but it’s heterotrophic because it doesn’t make its own food
Answer:
c. YACs
Explanation:
YACs, the Yeast artificial chromosomes are the high capacity vectors designed to carry the eukaryotic genes and carry the insert of 200-2000 kb.
YACs carry origin of replication from yeast, selectable markers and sequences derived from telomeres and centromere to maintain the stability of the insert during cell division.
The insert size for plasmids, bacteriophage, PACs, and cosmids is about 0.1-10 kb, 5-25 kb, 100-300 kb, 35-45 kb respectively.
Answer:
toward the 20% solute side of the membrane
Explanation:
that is the process of osmosis, in which the water moves in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Basically it's to make it 50% 50%, so the water moves to the 20% solute side to raise the %
I hope it's clear enough.
