Independent variables cause an effect in another variable (<em>acidity, pH</em>). Dependent variables respond on any change in the independent one (<em>solubility</em>). Confusing variables can influence the results if not controlled (t<em>emperature, pressure, surface contact)</em>.
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Before conducting an experiment, first, the researcher needs to identify the study groups –<em>experimental and control groups</em>- and the variables involved.
- Independent (manipulated) variable: Refers to all the variables in an experiment that provoke a response in another variable. The researcher changes it on purpose to observe the response of the dependent variable.
- Dependent variable: Refers to the variable, which response depends on any change in the independent variable. The response might be proportional or inversely proportional to the change in the manipulated variable.
Usually, many factors influence or affect the response of the dependent variables. Most of them are not of interest to the researcher.
- Confusing variables or confusing factors are closely related to both <em>the dependent and the independent</em> variables, but they are not of interest in themselves. <em>These factors might </em><em>mask </em><em>the actual </em><em>effects </em><em>of the</em><em> independent </em><em>variables on the </em><em>dependent </em><em>one,</em> causing miss interpretations of the results.
The researcher needs to identify all possible confusing variables and keep them constant.
- Controlled variables are kept constant in the control groups and the experimental groups. Unlike the independent variable, the controlled variables do not influence the results. These variables do not affect the response of the dependent variable.
For instance. You want to study the relationship between solubility and acidity.
- The independent variable is acidity, which is one of the factors that affect solubility.
- Solubility is the dependent variable, which responds to the acidity of the solvent.
But solubility also depends on many other factors, such as <em>surface contact, temperature, pressure, and agitation</em>. They are not of interest in this study, but <em>if you do not get to control them, you will not be able to </em><em>discriminate </em><em>the effects of pH from the effects of all these factors</em>.
These are confusing factors, and you need to keep them constant in all your study groups. Only then you will see the real effects of pH on solubility.
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Related link: brainly.com/question/1479694?referrer=searchResults
Answer:
D) splicing together of introns through rna processing
Explanation:
Transcription is the process by which an mRNA molecule is synthesized using a DNA template. However, the initial mRNA transcript is considered pre-mRNA until it undergoes post-transcriptional processing to become matured. The mRNA processing involves three steps viz: capping of 5', polyadenylation and splicing.
The 5' end of the mRNA molecule is capped with a 5' cap in the first mRNA processing stage. This is followed by the addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of the mRNA strand. The last step called Splicing involves removal of introns (non-coding regions of sequence) from the mRNA sequence while the remaining protein-coding regions called EXONS are joined or spliced together.
Hence, option D which says: splicing together of introns through rna processing is not correct because exons are spliced together during splicing step of mRNA processing.
