Answer:
d. Gemmulation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; fragmentation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism
Explanation:
Gemmulation and fragmentation are both a type of asexual reproduction. Gemmulation starts when mass of cell which is produced asexually that are capable of producing a new organism.
These mass of cells gets surrounded by a protective covering which provide a resistant layer of cell and the structure is called gemmule.
In fragmentation, the parent body part breaks from the whole body and gives rise to a new organism. For example in planaria. So the correct answer is d.
An example of this would be eye color. You can put contacts in changing the color but not necessarily changing the genes.
Abiotic refers to NONLIVING things. Such as rocks..
Sooooo it would be water because although there are so many living things in water the actual chemical compound of H2O is nonliving.
C
Water is treated with good respect.