i think it is E defensive but if im not right im sorry because im new
Answer:
"In the 1300s, the Church encountered a series of problems. These problems led to a decline in the Church's power. European kings had begun to reject papal claims of supremacy by the end of the 1200s. The struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France had serious consequences for the papacy."
Explanation:
Ecological release refers to a population increase or population explosion that occurs when a species is freed from limiting factors in its environment