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A confidence interval is "a range of values that’s likely to include a population value with a certain degree of confidence. It is often expressed a % whereby a population means lies between an upper and lower interval".

The margin of error is the range of values below and above the sample statistic in a confidence interval.

Normal distribution, is a "probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean".

Description in words of the parameter p

$p$ represent the real population proportion of students who take notes

$\hat p$ represent the estimated proportion of students who take notes

n is the sample size required

$z_{\alpha/2}$ represent the critical value for the margin of error

The population proportion have the following distribution

$p \sim N(p,\sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}})$

Numerical estimate for p

In order to estimate a proportion we use this formula:

$\hat p =\frac{X}{n}$ where X represent the number of people with a characteristic and n the total sample size selected.

Confidence interval

The confidence interval for a proportion is given by this formula

$\hat p \pm z_{\alpha/2} \sqrt{\frac{\hat p(1-\hat p)}{n}}$

For the 90% confidence interval the value of $\alpha=1-0.90=0.1$ and $\alpha/2=0.05$ , with that value we can find the quantile required for the interval in the normal standard distribution.