Berlín conference of 1884 - 85 ( Congo Conference ) regulated European colonization for trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period
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20th century was the most secular in history, and the bloodiest ever recorded. Two ideologies, national socialism and communism, swept the European continent. National socialism was destroyed by the Allies and communism imploded with the end of the Cold War. But the West remained a post-Christian society, where religion was relegated to the back burner.
With the dawn of the 21st century, religion returned to the forefront of politics: 9/11 brought the struggle of Islamic fundamentalism to the shores of the new world. As a result, everything changed: the United States, which prided itself on its openness and accessibility, became a fortress, eyeing visitors with suspicion, demanding their fingerprints. Private banking and numbered accounts disappeared before our eyes, as the US tried to stem the flow of funds to terrorist organizations.
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<span>In addition to copying, preserving, and codifying the principals of Roman Law, Byzantine scholars also copied the works of the Ancient Greeks. At it's height, Byzantine culture blended Roman, Greek, and Christian influences.</span>
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As emperor, Charlemagne stood out for his many reforms—monetary, governmental, military, cultural, and ecclesiastical. He was the main initiator and proponent of the “Carolingian Renaissance,” the first of three medieval renaissances. It was a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late-8th century to the 9th century, taking inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. During this period there was an expansion of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.
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