The answer is A:
The SUGAR-PHOSPHATE CHAINS form the sides, and the BASE PAIRS form the rungs
Do you mean ion pumps in the membrane of cell?
If so, then ion pumps maintain an electrochemical gradient across the membrane.
Answer:
interspersed, transposon-derived repeats, simple sequence repeats.
Explanation:
In the human genome, not only the protein coding genes are present, in fact these genes make up just a very little portion of the human genome about 1.5-2% of the entire human genome. Repeats make up about 48% of the human genome which is the largest and the rest include, conserved non coding sequences (43.5%), heterochromatin regions etc.
Some of the repetitive elements includes LINEs, SINEs, DNA fossils tranposoon, Retrovirus like elements. all these are transposable elements which are mobile DNA sequences that can migrate to different regions/areas of the genome.
Microsatellites (simple sequence repeats) are tracts of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs are repeated normally 5-50 times.
c proteins .. most used cuz it provides energy and builds muscle
