Many individuals, such as women, men, and African Americans, debated all sides of the continuum of Modernism vs. Fundamentalism in the 1920s, whether it was by authority or self-expression. In wearing short skirts, listening to jazz, bobbing their hair, which stressed self-expression during this time of the Jazz Era women like Flappers went against the traditional feminine norms. In other words, the Jazz Era called for the revolt of young Americans against many of these fundamentalist policies. The Harlem Renaissance, for instance, shows the rise of modernist philosophy in Harlem within the African American community, which was full of self-expression and reflected black culture and experience, which helped to create a position for themselves in high Western culture. Ideologies like Garveyism set the stage for the culture of African America and see their black colour as a gift rather than a gift. In the pursuit of revolt and distinctive self-expression, movements such as the Harlem Revival of 1920 and the Jazz Era of 1920 went against societal standards rather than what was supposed to be articulated by fundamentalism.
