Plastic is a word that originally meant “pliable and easily shaped.” It only recently became a name for a category of materials called polymers. The word polymer means “of many parts,” and polymers are made of long chains of molecules. Polymers abound in nature. Cellulose, the material that makes up the cell walls of plants, is a very common natural polymer.
Over the last century and a half humans have learned how to make synthetic polymers, sometimes using natural substances like cellulose, but more often using the plentiful carbon atoms provided by petroleum and other fossil fuels. Synthetic polymers are made up of long chains of atoms, arranged in repeating units, often much longer than those found in nature. It is the length of these chains, and the patterns in which they are arrayed, that make polymers strong, lightweight, and flexible. In other words, it’s what makes them so plastic.
These properties make synthetic polymers exceptionally useful, and since we learned how to create and manipulate them, polymers have become an essential part of our lives. Especially over the last 50 years plastics have saturated our world and changed the way that we live.
The First Synthetic Plastic
The first synthetic polymer was invented in 1869 by John Wesley Hyatt, who was inspired by a New York firm’s offer of $10,000 for anyone who could provide a substitute for ivory. The growing popularity of billiards had put a strain on the supply of natural ivory, obtained through the slaughter of wild elephants. By treating cellulose, derived from cotton fiber, with camphor, Hyatt discovered a plastic that could be crafted into a variety of shapes and made to imitate natural substances like tortoiseshell, horn, linen, and ivory.
This discovery was revolutionary. For the first time human manufacturing was not constrained by the limits of nature. Nature only supplied so much wood, metal, stone, bone, tusk, and horn. But now humans could create new materials. This development helped not only people but also the environment. Advertisements praised celluloid as the savior of the elephant and the tortoise. Plastics could protect the natural world from the destructive forces of human need.
The creation of new materials also helped free people from the social and economic constraints imposed by the scarcity of natural resources. Inexpensive celluloid made material wealth more widespread and obtainable.
Answer:
The correct answer is D. All of the choices are correct.
Explanation:
The Third Republic was the political system introduced in France after the fall of Napoleon III in 1870, which lasted until World War II and the creation of the Vichy government under Philippe Petain on July 10th, 1940.
The Third Republic was a republican parliamentary democracy, but its creation was marked by great disagreement between proponents of the monarchy and the republic. Political life under the Third Republic was marked by weak coalitions and frequent changes of government. Moreover, it was marked by the Dreyfus affair, which created deep divisions in political circles.
The answer is Reduce political influence over federal government employees
I hope that helped
The correct option is B
The Folsom Culture is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleoamerican archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America. The term was coined by Jesse Figgins in 1927. It is possible that the Folsom culture has derived from the more primitive Clovis culture, and dates from a time between 9000 BC. C. and 8000 a. C.
Some of these sites exhibit evidence of more than 50 dead bison, although the Folsom diet also included goats, marmots, deer and rabbits. A Folsom field in Hanson, Wyoming, also revealed areas of possible settlements. The original site is Folsom, New Mexico, in Colfax County (29CX1), a place of slaughter near a marsh found in 1908 by George McJunkin, a cowboy, a former slave, who had lived in Texas as a child). The archaeological excavation was not carried out until 1926. In Mexico, in some places corresponding to the Lithic Stage, and especially to the Lower Cenolithic, folsom type arrowheads have been found, all in the Northern Altiplano. Among them we must mention Samalayuca (Chihuahua), La Chuparrosa (Coahuila), Puntita Negra (Nuevo León) and Cerro de Silva (San Luis Potosí).
