Constantinople had not fallen to the Turks in 1453 it can be presumed that the city would have proven to be a thorn in their side (and Russia’s) for centuries to come. The city controlled the access to the Mediterranean from the Black Sea and it would have been able to make both countries bend to its will simply to use the Dardanelles
C. New immigrants worked mostly in unskilled jobs.
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James Madison was the person behind the federalist papers. He later became the president of the U.S.
Both B and D took place, but if you had to choose one, it would be B. The technological advances made farming much more quicker and easier for a large piece of land.