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Hydrogen ions play a central role in the lives of cells. For example, changes in hydrogen ion concentration are intimately tied to the charge of side chains in proteins. This charge state, in turn, affects the activity of enzymes as well as their folding and even localization. Further, the famed ATP synthases that churn out the ATPs that power many cellular processes are driven by gradients in hydrogen ions across membranes.
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Prokaryotic cells
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Explanation:
some gases prevent the escape of heat from the earth.There will be an increase in the percentage of such gases would cause the average temperatures to increase world wide.This is known as greenhouse effect.Carbon dioxide is one of the green house gases.An increase in the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere woul cause more heat to be retained by the atmosphere and lead to global warming.
In the lac operon, glucose also plays an important role along with lactose. When Lactose is present in the environment along with glucose then it cannot deactivate the regulator gene [repressor], as a result, the repressor will bind to the operator and the transcription will be blocked.
When Lactose is present in the environment without glucose then the Catabolite repressor protein will bind to the CAP Site, and lactose will bind to the repressor [regulatory gene product], as a result, the repressor gets deactivated and the transcription takes place.
Lac operon: It is a set of three structural genes z, y, and a which are all transcribed and regulated under one single promoter. The three genes code for β-galactosidase, lactose permease, and transacetylase respectively.
β-galactosidase is responsible for breaking the lactose into glucose and galactose, lactose permease is responsible for transporting lactose across the cell membrane and transacetylase attaches a particular chemical group to target molecules.
Learn more about Lac operon here
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