Neurotransmitters. With the regard to the process of the neural transmission, a refractory period refers to the time in interval in which. the Positively charged sodium ions are to pumped back to outside a neural membrane.
Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that your body can't function without it. Their job is to carry out chemical signals (“messages”) from one of the neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target of the cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or the gland.
Fortunately, the seven “small molecule” are neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), or glutamate, histamine, norepinephrine, and the serotonin) do the majority of the work.
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<span><span><span>Release enzymes outside of the cell (exocytosis)</span>
which may serve the purpose of destroying materials around the cell.</span><span><span>Break-down 'digestion' of materials from inside the cell (autophagy)</span>
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from inside the cell.
This could include digesting worn-out organelles so that useful chemicals locked-up in their structures can be re-used by the cell.</span><span><span>Break-down 'digestion' of materials from outside the cell (heterophagy)</span>
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from outside the cell.
This could include breaking-down material taken-in by phagocytes, which include many types of white blood cells - also known as leucocytes. Specific mechanisms of heterophagy can be:<span><span>phagocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular debris, bacteria or other particles - only occurs in certain specialized cells</span><span>pinocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular fluid</span><span>endocytic - by which cells take-up particles such as molecules that have become attached to the outer-surface of the cell membrane.</span></span></span><span><span>Recycle the products of biochemical reactions that have taken place following materials being brought into the cell by endocytosis (general term for this 'recycling' function: biosynthesis) </span>
Different materials (chemicals) are processed in different ways, e.g. some structures may be processed/degraded within lysosomes and others are taken to the surface of the cell.</span><span>Completely break-down cells that have died (autolysis)</span></span>
In general, the functions of lysosomes involve breaking-down i.e. processing to 'make safe' or make use of, or removing from the cell e.g. by exocytosis, useless and potentially harmful materials such as old worn-out parts of the cell or potential threats such bacteria. Lysosomes can therefore be thought of as the rubbish disposal units within cel
The answer is the first option.
"They perform well only at very low temperatures."
Despite of advantages of Superconductors such as power and cost efficiency, these conductors have drawbacks. Semiconductors have restricted operation range of operating temperatures. They are required to work at very low temperatures.
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to respiratory acidosis.
<h3>
What is respiratory acidosis?</h3>
- When the lungs are unable to expel all of the carbon dioxide the body produces, a condition known as respiratory acidosis develops.
- Body fluids, particularly the blood, become too acidic as a result.
- The main causes of respiratory acidosis are inadequate ventilation and carbon dioxide buildup.
- The main issue is an increase in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) and a decline in the arterial bicarbonate to arterial pCO2 ratio, which causes a drop in blood pH.
- When there is acute respiratory acidosis, the body initially tries to make up for it.
- If the acidosis lasts more than 12 hours, a reaction known as metabolic compensation2 takes place.
- By increasing the release of hydrogen ions through ammonium, the kidneys will lower the blood's acidity.
- Too much carbon dioxide in the body can result in general symptoms including headache, exhaustion, and twitching muscles.
- Frequently, it goes away fast on its own.
- But in cases of severe hypercapnia, the body is unable to return to a stable CO2 level, and the symptoms are more severe.
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Answer:
answer is 100 base pairs long
