Answer:
Distinct mechanisms are used by bacteria in order to transfer the gene from one bacteria to another. These are transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation refers to the process of uptaking extracellular DNA by the recipient of the other bacterial cell.
In the process of transduction, the donor DNA gets packed within the bacteriophage and infects the recipient bacteria. In the process of conjugation, the genetic substance is transferred by the donor bacteria to the recipient via the process of mating.
a. Of all these three mechanisms, transformation is the process that exhibits a broad range and can be easily performed in the lab. As in the process, there is a slight chance of rejection or failure due to direct compatibility between the bacteria.
b. While the narrowest broad range is found in the process of conjugation, as in order to transfer the genetic substance between the two bacterial species, there should be a similarity between the two species so that they can mate and exchange the genetic substance in between them.
It becomes positive because ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the membrane .
Answer: The phagocyte’s ability to destroy the ingested pathogen is compromised and it will become inactive.
Explanation:
There are different hydrolytic enzymes. Lysozyme attacks cell walls of gram positive bacteria. Elastase is a protease. Collagenase attacks collagen, produced by some bacteria. Plasminogen activator is also a protease.
Loss of function of any one of these enzymes will reduce or prevent the breakdown of bacteria in the phagosome (vacuole) so that the phagocyte is inactivated.
Every time I would say, but often is the answer as theory should be revised, and also done practically so that you don’t forget the concepts
