There are several reasons why James 1 clashed with his parliament are several but trying to marry his son off to a catholic was not one of them. James clashed with the parliament due to his ways of raising money without parliamentary consents, such as selling the seats of nobility, his high-handedness that included his believe that his seat was ordained by God,and failure to speak with the parliament.
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The Enlightement was a period of great chance and big science advance, this era brought many brilliant minds as Copernicus, Issac Newton, Galileo Galilei, etc. This time took place from the late 17th and early 18th centuries, it is called like that because human intellect was illuminated after the "dark ages".
The Enlightement underpinned the French Revolution because theories were replaced by science. Regarding Napoleon, he took the ideals of French Revolution, put the to work in a modified way and understood how his forces surpassed traditional European armies. He also created an intelligent network all with spies over Europe.
Napoleon as ruler of France was espectacular and many admired him, his ideas inspired in Galileo took him from speculation to experimentation, and that's why the historians classified him as "The Enlightement Emperor ".
I am not sure what you exactly mean but is this something like
tides
longshore drifts
waves