Answer:
considers past decisions of higher courts to determine cases.
Explanation:
In common law, judgement of previous cases in a higher courts are considered and in some cases binding. Decisions are based on previous judgments which becomes laws. On the other hand, civil law, codified statutes predominates decisions made by courts of higher jurisdiction, that is judgement is based entirely on the provision of the law.
The pioneering psychologist John Watson argued that psychologists should restrict their efforts to the study of observable behaviors.
A theory known as behaviorism, or behavioral psychology, contends that environment affects how people behave. The study and analysis of observable behavior is the most fundamental definition of behavioral psychology. The middle of the 20th century saw a significant amount of ideas impacted by this area of psychology.
Watson thought that the main focus of psychology should be on observable behavior in science. He is famous for his studies on the process of conditioning. Watson is also renowned for the Little Albert experiment, in which he showed how a toddler may be made to dread a stimulus that was initially neutral.
To learn more about observable behaviors here: brainly.com/question/13196625
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1. Make sure that the signs are there (noticeable physical trauma such as bruising or cuts, irregular emotional swings/withdrawals, any new hobbies which might seem off, etc.)
2. Report it to the appropriate authorities (usually the police.) Unless you absolutely know (and have proof) that the individual in question is being abused, make sure to explicitly state that you only suspect abuse. It also helps if you try and make it clear to the individual that something is going to be done about their problem, if they have one, just so they know.
Answer: Substantive conflict
Explanation:
Substantive conflict is defined as the dispute that occurs in a group or committee members upon disagreeing on any decision based on scope of task,goal, issues or values. Members tend to varied opinions on the issues and problem that is required to be addressed by them
According to the situation mentioned in the question, conflict occurring in civic committee is type of substantive conflict .The members fail to agree on the decision of safety problems among surveying the residential people or concerning with local law enforcement department.