The rate at which a parent atom creates daughter atoms is always constant and unique. The process of cell division is a unique occurrence that happens with eukaryotic cells. These parent atoms go through the different phases at a constant phase, but when interruptions in the divisions happen, mutations and abnormality in the cell will take place.
Answer: W = 6.4x10⁻²¹J
Explanation: <u>Work</u> is the energy transferred to or from an object due to the application of a force along a displacement.
The ion Na is gaining energy to move from a lower potential to a higher one.
For this to happen, the work done is calculated as

in which
W is work in Joules (J)
q is charge in Coulomb (C)
is potential difference in Volts (V)
The ion Na has one positive charge. In coulombs, the charge is
q = 1.6x10⁻¹⁹C
The potential difference in Volts is
= 40x10⁻³ or 4x10⁻²V
Calculating

W = 1.6x10⁻¹⁹. 4x10⁻²
W = 6.4 x 10⁻²¹ J
The work done to move an ion of sodium from the exterior to the interior is 6.4 x 10⁻²¹ J.
Answer:
b., c., e. are the answers.
Purines have double rings, whereas pyrimidines have single rings.
Answer:
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The physical distance that separates them on the chromosome.