Answer:
Cell-mediated immunity develops through a network of interactions that results in defense against microorganisms that survive within phagocytes or other cells. The response is initiated by the recognition of intracellular microorganism antigen by T cells through the histocompatibility complex. In the CD8 response, only the target cell carrying the class I associated antigen can be lysed or induced to apoptosis. In another mechanism of the cellular response, CD4 + Th1 T cells activate, for example, cytokine-infected macrophages such as IFN. When a pathogen resists the effects of activated macrophages, chronic infection may develop.
The hormonal immunity response leads to the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevents or decreases the spread of intracellular cells by neutralizing, opsonizing and activating the complement system.
Basing on the information given, fermentative metabolism is a type of anaerobic metabolism that does not use oxygen to produce ATP or bioenergy.Thus, this where its name derives from. Thank you for your question. Please don't hesitate to ask in Brainly your queries.
Answer:
They camouflage
Explanation:
The peppered moths adapt to their surroundings. They blend in with their surroundings to avoid being eaten by their predators. Blending in with their surrounding also helps them to sneak up on and catch their prey.
I'm not too sure why they lay 100 eggs at a time but i think it's because the parents want to increase the survival of their eggs. Eggs sometimes are eaten by other animals and the parents want at least a few to survive.
Hmm, learning about this what a while back, but i would say (1)
Answer:
The answer is A. Most lichen species are unaffected by the forest fire
