Since carotenoids stabilize dangerous free radicals, we can assume that their function is to protect the cell from the free radicals.
It supports it by saying that there was once only one mammal but then it reproduced and since different places have different climates they adapted or evolved to the climate changing their form and shape.
Flu vaccines need to be revised and changed every year because the flu virus constantly mutates. Flu viruses can change in two ways: drift or shift. Antigenic drift occurs when genes of the virus slowly change during replication until the immune system no longer recognizes it. On the other hand, antigenic shift occurs when a major change in the virus happens. This usually leads to a totally different kind of virus. This is what happened during the H1N1 scare in 2009.
DNA viruses like mumps are less prone to mutation due to the presence of DNA polymerase. RNA viruses are more prone to mutation because they undergo reverse transcription to simulate the role of DNA.
Plasmodium, a genus of parasitic protozoans of the sporozoan subclass Coccidia that are the causative organisms of malaria. Plasmodium<span>, which infects red blood cells in mammals (including humans), birds, and reptiles, occurs worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate zones.
I hope my answer has come to your help. God bless and have a nice day ahead!
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