Explanation:
a) True. The bigger the difference, the steeper the concentration gradient and the faster the molecules of a substance will diffuse.
b) True. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this.
c) False. Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area where they are at a higher concentration to areas where they are at a lower concentration.
d) True. For diffusion to work, the particles must be able to move around.
e) True. Osmosis requires energy from respiration to be carried
out.
f) False. Partially permeable membranes allow only water but not other dissolved substances to pass through.
1. I believe the answer is the nucleus. Nucleus is a part of cell in living organisms that stores genetic materials. It is believed that the eukaryotic nucleus could have evolved from the fusion of thermoacidophil archebacterium fused with a motile eubacterium. This is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells. There is evidence that nuclear pore complexes and nuclear membranes co-evolved with the endomembrane system, and the last eukaryotic common ancestor had fully functional nuclear pore complexes.
2. Recombinant DNA technology involves altering genetic material outside an organism to obtain enhanced and desired characteristics in living organisms or as their products. It involves insertion of DNA fragments from a variety of sources, having desirable gene sequence via appropriate vector. However, the government has still not approved the technology in genetically modified grass because of the concern of the release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment and the concerns about environment safety.
3. Meiosis is the process of cell division which takes place in the gametes cells where the a diploid (2n) parent cells divides into four haploid cells. The process takes place in two stages namely meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of meiosis II the daughter cells formed are haploid (n) meaning they have one set of chromosomes as compared with the parent cell. This means the four daughter cells have half as much and genetically the same as the original parent cell.
4. Speciation is the process by which new species are formed from a population. This process takes place as a result of geographic, anatomical, physiological or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from breeding with each other. Thus, in this case, i would say that speciation has definitely occurred when two groups of related organisms become permanently isolated from each other.
Different proinflammatory cytokines control the dynamics, oxidative stress, and metabolism of adipocyte mitochondria.
Insulin resistance, the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been mechanistically related to macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue and continuous low-grade generation of inflammatory cytokines. In this investigation, we used the 3T3-L1 model cell system to assess the long-term effects of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 on adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. An increase in proton leak, a decrease in membrane potential, an increase in basal respiration, and a decrease in ATP turnover were all caused by the TNF treatment of cultured adipocytes. While IL-6 and IL-1 lowered maximum respiratory capacity, they exhibited different impacts on ATP turnover, proton leak, and baseline respiration and had no effect on membrane potential.
Only TNF treatment increased oxidative stress (as indicated by protein carbonylation and superoxide anion generation) and C16 ceramide formation in 3T3-L1 cells. When 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with cytokines, the mRNA expression of several important transcription factors and regulatory proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including PGC1 and eNOS, as well as COXIV and Cyt CCyt C, was reduced. TNF solely caused mitochondrial fragmentation, lowered the total level of Opa1 while increased Opa1 cleavage, and had no influence on the expression of levels of mitofusin 2, DRP1, or mitofilin. Each cytokine had effects on the expression of mitochondrial markers. Overall, our findings show that inflammatory cytokines affect adipocyte metabolism differently and specifically, although they all result in reduced mitochondrial activity and a re-programming of fat cell biology.
Learn more about cytokine here:
brainly.com/question/14308447
#SPJ4
The liger is a mix between a lion and a tiger. Ligers can be twice the size of a lion! they usually have a light brown color of a lion but stripes like a tiger.
<u><em>WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR BODIES WHEN WE EXERCISE?</em></u>
<u><em /></u>
What is happening to her circulatory system?
When you exercise, or play football in this case, you are working your muscles and certain places in the body. When this happens, your muscles respire (burn the <u>FOOD</u> to produce <u>ENERGY</u>) more faster than they would normally, so the demand for <u>OXYGEN</u> and <u>GLUCOSE</u> is increased.
As the muscles are performing cellular <u>RESPIRATION</u> quicker than the norm, they need oxygen and glucose to reach them faster (glucose and oxygen are the components for cellular respiration), and also they need to get rid of their <u>CO2</u><u> </u>(products of cellular respiration are <u>CARBON DIOXIDE</u> and <u>WATER</u>) so the <u>HEART</u> is now pumping blood around the body at a faster rate in order to provide these cells with what they need. To summarize, the circulatory system has to work harder and faster during exercise to provide the cells at work with glucose and oxygen and to get rid of the waste carbon dioxide.
What is happening to her breathing system?
<em>{Relates to explanation given} </em>The requirement for oxygen is increased so now the respiratory system (in particular the <u>LUNGS</u>) have to work harder and faster to take in more oxygen and to exhale more <u>CO2</u>, thus you begin to breathe faster. To summarize, oxygen is inhaled quicker and carbon dioxide is exhaled quicker, therefore the rate of <u>DIFFUSION</u> is increased.
Diagram:
Draw picture of a girl playing football and then in the nest picture of her lungs and heart, you can also include arteries and the veins. Show how the lung and the heart work more harder during the exercise or when playing any sports
<em>hope this helps.....</em>
<em>have a great day ahead :)</em>