Characteristics of Living Organisms: Ability to reproduce independently, ability to grow
Characteristics of Viruses: Not made of cells, have a protein coat instead of a membrane.
Characteristics of Both: Can have a DNA genome, may mutate and evolve
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Explanation:
Having filtered out small essential molecules from the blood - the kidneys must reabsorb the molecules which are needed, while allowing those molecules which are not needed to pass out in the urine. Therefore, the kidneys selectively reabsorb only those molecules which the body needs back in the bloodstream.
The theory is most likely A) Valid. If a group of authorized scientists agreed on the theory, it would be valid. It would most likely be unreliable if it was only one scientist working alone and biased. If you don't have a group of scientists, the theory most likely won't be true because it hasn't been tested many times.
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The immune system is the bodies defense against invaders and is located in all body tissues with concentration in the mucosal surfaces and skin.