The Spanish king ordered officials to look into the system of forced labor and eventually abolished it. This is how military campaigns were led to creation of independent nations in South America.
<u>Explanation</u>:
The people in Latin America distrusted and feared one another after dissatisfaction with Spanish rule. Sometimes they worked together against the Spanish. But once independence was achieved, the creoles, who had led the revolts, dominated the governments.
The process of independence of the South American countries has more to do with the American Independence and the defeat of the British, as well as the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars. The culture and outlook of the people was inspired from European conquerors and immigrants. The majorities of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish and follow Western traditions.
The widespread revolutionary ideals ensuing from these important changes in European political board made locals settlers and non-whites question their allegiance to metropolitan authority, as well as the elite, who were tired of trade restrictions.
There multiple examples in which a growing power in the lower or middle class was a cause for concern and reform. The two most notable examples where the growing power was a major cause of revolt however, was the American and French Revolution.
The American Revolution has its roots within the French and Indian war (or Seven Year's war), which was a global conflict between France and England. The conflict existed on the frontier of the British colonies in America, and after the British won the war they began to heavily tax the colonists whom they spent resources to protect. By this time, there was already a growing middle class from New England through down to the southern colonies. These new taxation were done without consent nor representation for the colonists which greatly angered them as the taxes were already immensely expensive on daily items such as tea and stamps. The enlightenment thought was also influential, as new schools of thought challenged the position of the individual to the state and monarchy. Eventually, sentiment grew and the colonists fought for their freedom from heavy taxation and monarchy, winning it in 1783.
Similarly, the French revolution saw its beginnings in similar fashion to that of the American revolution. France just fought two major conflicts (French and Indian war, as well as siding with the colonists in the American Revolution). Economic hardships was heavily burdensome to the French lower and middle class who were constantly outvoted by the clergy and nobility in the French court, both who did not face as strong hardships as the middle and lower class. The french nobility and royalty grew strongly out of the touch with the middle class majority. Enlightened thought eventually lead the French middle class to revolt and ignite the French Revolution in challenge to the position of
The answer is B) A series of actions by the Catholic Church intended to spread and defend the Catholic faith.
The counter-reformation was in response to the Protestant reformation, so the first answer is out of the question.
Martin Luthers own actions sparked the Protestant reformation, and as mentioned prior - it was a response to the Protestant reformation (however, during this time they did solidify the power of the pope).
I can’t remember what they had but they had an arrangement about something
