Answer: B, C and D
Explanation:
Option A is wrong because protons are not pumped into the matrix of the mitochondria, but rather protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space.
Option B is correct. The NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome b-c1, and cytochrome oxidase complexes are all protons pumps and pump protons across the membrane.
Option C. Is correct. The pH inside the mitochondrial matrix is higher than in the innner membrane space.
Option D is correct. The mitochondria use the proton gradient to synthesize ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase.
The aspects of the environment that play a role in spatial learning are land marks. Spatial learning refers to the process through which animals encode information about their environment to facilitate navigation through space and recall the location of motivationally relevant stimuli. Landmark is anything that is easily recognizable, such as buildings, monument or other structures. Landmarks and boundaries are important in spatial learning.
