Answer:
1. B (ferns)
2. A (glaciation)
3. B (the appearance of a particular organism)
4
i. C
ii. D
iii. B
iv. A
Explanation:
1. Pioneer species in succession refers to species that first colonize a barren land or rock. They include species that can adapt to the condition of the land and subsequently break it down for other organisms to grow. Pioneer species in primary succession include ferns, lichens etc.
2. Primary succession occurs as a result of effects or negative impacts on an area. Specifically, primary succession in an area of Alberta today occurs because of the effects of GLACIATION, which is the covering of land surface with ice.
3. The appearance of a particular organism such as pioneer species in an aquatic succession can be an indicator of primary succession.
4. * Humus is an organic component of soil that is produced from decomposed organisms.
* Primary succession is the process of changing an environment from bare rock and a few species to a complex community with many species.
* Pioneer species are simple and hardy plants that first colonize a barren ground or rock.
* Climax community is a stable community that results from the process of succession.
