Spontaneous generation was a (refuted) theory that some forms of life can arise from inorganic matter.
Louis Pasteur refuted it in a series of experiments, in which he boiled different matter (grape juice, broth) which would kill all the bacteria and let it stay for a long time to see if it would develop life (he also had a control condition in which he let the boiled liquid interact with the outside words, and those would develop bacterial life).
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Three of the four nitrogenous bases that make up RNA — adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) — are also found in DNA. In RNA, however, a base called uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) as the complementary nucleotide to adenine (Figure 3).
Crossing over is the main event in meiosis and heredity as it leads to genetic variation.
<h3>What is genetic variation?</h3>
Genetic variation is the changes that take place in the genes of individuals that can lead to the formation of new characters.
it generally occurs in meiosis specifically during crossing over.
Thus, it can be concluded that crossing over between non-sister chromatids during meiosis is significant in heredity as it leads to genetic variation.
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The environmental effects of an individual or group in terms of resources used and waste produced is an individual or group's ecological footprint (option A).
<h3>What is ecological footprint?</h3>
Ecological footprint is the measure of how much biologically productive land and water area an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates using prevailing technology and resource management practices.
Living organisms make use of resources in the environment and these can either leave negative or positive effect on the environment that will affect sustainability.
Therefore, it can be said that the environmental effects of an individual or group in terms of resources used and waste produced is an individual or group's ecological footprint.
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