Physical geography is the study of natural features and phenomena on the planet's surface and our interactions with them. ... Geography doesn't just determine whether humans can live in a certain area or not, it also determines people's lifestyles, as they adapt to the available food and climate patterns
I believe the answer is: negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement refers to the type of reinforcement a form of reinforcement that make a subject become uncomfortable to the point where the subject would do some efforts to avoid or eliminate the negative reinforcement (just like the horrendous ding sound)
At noon on December 31, 1999.
Source:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/panama-to-control-canal