A homologous structure is an example of an organ or bone that appears in different animals, underlining anatomical commonalities demonstrating descent from a common ancestor. In other words, it's when very different animals have bones that appear very similar in form or function and seem to be related.
Well, you have to be a bit more specific. Dog brains among breeds vary in size and capability. Dogs have roughly the same intelligence as raccoons and lions. Meanwhile, the average house cat compares to a bear in intelligence. All in all, some dogs are more intelligent than cats. However, I used to have a cat that could literally communicate through hand gestures and understand us, so it doesn't apply to every dog or every cat.
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2. yes fossil fuels will run out
4. yes the global temp will rise
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maybe if your really good at your job but then again im no one to say this