Electron transport chain (ETC) refers to a series of complexes involved in the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors through the reduction and oxidation reactions.
The similarities between the ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows-
1. Both involve the electron transport chains on their inner membranes.
2. The energy produced pumps the protons against their concentration gradient across a membrane.
3. ATP synthase is used.
4. Two protons provide energy for the production of three molecules of ATP.
The differences between the ETC in mitochondria and chloroplasts are as follows-
Mitochondria- It uses the process of oxidative phosphorylation and chemical energy from the reduction-oxidation reactions. The electron transport chain occurs in the cristae. The coenzymes involved include the NAD and FAD. ATP synthase is located in the cristae. The protons are pumped out of the matrix. The final electron acceptor is the oxygen.
Chloroplast- It uses the process of photophosphorylation and the light energy. The electron transport chain occurs in the thylakoid membrane. The coenzyme involved is the NADP. ATP synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane. The protons are pumped into the thylakoids. The final electron acceptor is the chlorophyll in cyclic photophosphorylation and NADPH+ in the non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
In response to c. acid in duodenum, the hormone secretin is released by endocrine cells in the duodenal mucosa.
<h3>What releases secretin in the duodenum?</h3>
Secretin is a polypeptide that contains 27 amino acids. In response to H+ and fatty acids in the lumen, S cells in the duodenum produce secretin. Particularly, a pH of less than 4.5 indicates the entry of stomach contents, which starts the secretin release.
Secretin, a digestive hormone that controls gastric acid secretion and pH levels in the duodenum, is released by the wall of the upper portion of the small intestine (the duodenum).
A pancreatic fluid that is high in bicarbonate is secreted when secretin is present (45). By interacting with pancreatic ductal cells, secretin enters the bloodstream or intestinal lumen and increases the production of bicarbonate, which lowers the pH of the gastric chyme as it enters the small intestine.
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Answer:
it would be a because the first stage ends at 33 ad and the next stage starts at 75 ad.
Explanation:
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Answer:
A.) They are different species, despite their similar morphology.
Explanation:
Answer:
The substrate uptake rate depends not only on its concentration but also on other environmental factors (temperature, toxicity, pH, etc.) and on the state of cells, what particular transporters are expressed and take part in nutrients consumption.
