should include nonhuman animal pleasures and pains in the overall utilitarian calculus
Explanation:
Utilitarianism can be described as an ethical theory that tells the actions that can help in the maximization of happiness for the people that are involved. It talks about the actions that encourages happiness or pleasure while discouraging those that cause unhappiness.
According to shaw and Barry, utilitarianism should go as far as including nonhuman animal pleasures and pains in the overall utilitarian calculus.
Conflict theory found its roots in the class conflict theory of Karl Marx which focuses on the competition between groups for limited resources within society. Conflict theory maintains that tensions and conflicts occur when wealth, status and power are distributed unevenly among social groups and these conflicts create need for social change.
Crimes do not often happen or not by the whole world at least just some people, so not the whole world commits crime. Why tho? It is because people respect themselves they are MORAL and in life we all are depending on our moral values