Answer:
1. Hypotonic solution; a solution that has lower salt concentration than the solvent concentration inside the cells.A hypotonic solution has more solvent than the solute, therefore, when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it gains water through osmosis and increases in size. However, for an animal cell, it will increase in size and then bursts because it lacks cell wall.
2. Isotonic solution is the solution with the same slat concentration as the solvent concentration. In a isotonic solution, the solute concentration and the solvent concentration are at equilibrium, hence if a cell is placed in a such a solution there will be not net change or effect on the cell.
3. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Osmosis involves the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane. An example of osmosis is the intake of water molecules in the plants through the roots.
4. Phagocytosis is the process where cells eat other cells or large substances. Phagocytosis involves the mechanism by which cells or phagocytes binds to a cell or an item it wants to engulf on the cell surface. For example; when a macrophage ingests a pathogen, the pathogen becomes trapped in a phagosome which then fuses with a lysososme and destroys the pathogen by digesting.
5. A phospholipid is a molecules with a polar and a non polar ends, that along with protein makes up the plasma membrane. Phospholipid is a class of lipids that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head consisting of a phosphate group. It is the main component of the cell membrane, and makes the membrane to have a selective permeability.
6. Pinocytosis is the process where cells eat small or dissolved substances. Pinocytosis is also known as fluid endocytosis; it is a type of endocytosis where small particles that are suspended in an extracellular fluid are brought into the cell by the means of invagination of the cell membrane, which cause the particles to be suspended in a vesicle.
7. A polar molecule is a molecule that has a partial positive and negative charges at each end. Polar molecules results from the polar bonds which comes from the difference in electronegativity between the atoms involved. Water is a good example of polar molecule because it has a partial positive charge on one side (hydrogen) and a partial negative charge on the other (oxygen).
8. A protein is a large complex organic molecules consisting of a large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They are usually long chains of amino acids or polypeptides, that are essentially molecules used in metabolic processes. They have a range of functions, which includes, repair and maintenance, source of energy, structural components, chemical messengers, among others.
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