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Explanation:
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People contribute to <span>antibiotic resistance by not completing their full course of antibiotics as prescribed by doctors when they are sick. This allows the bacteria to adapt to the antibiotic because the incomplete treatment did not kill the bacteria. Another way in which bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics is the widespread use of antibiotics in everyday consumer products, such as cleaners and beauty products. These antibiotics end up in the environment, and diluted exposure to these antibiotics by bacteria allows the bacteria to develop a resistance. </span>
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Explanation:
An antimicrobial agent is a natural or synthetic chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. Bacteria have a mechanism of transferring genomic material called <em>horizontal gene transfer</em><em>, the movement of genes between cells that are not direct descendants of one another</em>. Horizontal gene transfer allows cells to quickly acquire new characteristics and drives metabolic diversity. <u>One of the characteristics usually acquired is the resistance to antibiotics</u>.
Three mechanisms of genetic exchange are known in prokaryotes:
(1) transformation, in which free DNA released from one cell is taken up by another; (2) transduction, in which DNA transfer is mediated by a virus; and (3) conjugation, in which DNA transfer requires cell-to-cell contact and a conjugative plasmid in the donor cell.
Examples of genes transferred by transducing bacteriophages include multiple antibiotic resistance genes among strains of <em>Salmonella enterica </em>serovar <em>Typhimurium</em>, Shiga-like toxin genes in <em>Escherichia coli</em>, virulence factors in <em>Vibrio cholerae</em>, and genes encoding photosynthetic proteins in cyanobacteria.
Conjugative plasmids use a mechanism to transfer copies of themselves and the genes they encode, such as those for antibiotic resistance, to new host cells.
Photosynthesis uses sunlight energy to make glucose (energy stores). A by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen. plants use water and sunlight to grow and they produce oxygen. Animals eat plants, use oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. Since the space station is in the shadow of the earth, the plants are unable to complete the process of photosynthesis and the carbon dioxide that is being produced by the humans cannot be utilized by the plants due to no sunlight. Therefore the carbon dioxide is going to continue to build up as the energy storage molecules are being depleted and not replenished.