Answer: The chances of their children having hemophilia is zero. All their children will be carriers of one gene for hemophilia.
Explanation: When they cross breed, 100% of their will have a single gene for hemophilia. The products of the cross breed is 2 XhXH and 2 XhY. See the attached diagram for illustration.
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Answer:
Preadaptations like tegument and body segmentation could have been used by insects and millipedes to survive in terrestrial habitats.
Explanation:
As crustaceans, millipedes and insects have a protective, hard tegument, which surface is frequently smooth. Some groups can also present spines, bristles, or tubercles. The tegument protects the animals against harmful stimuli of different nature, such as mechanic, thermal, chemical, etc. It is also an effective barrier against pathogen microorganisms and excessive dehydration. In groups like crustaceans and insects, as the external layer gets hard, the tegument constitutes an important support organ. It is composed of a simple, cubic epithelium called hypodermis, and secretes exoskeleton, which is composed of chitin and can also be shaped by calcareous impregnations. Chitin is an impermeable, light y hard substance, that allows life on land without dehydration. Segmentation (repetition of identical anatomical units) is another characteristic in these groups that have helped to domain terrestrial habitats. It seems like segmentation is highly advantageous from an evolution point of view because it is much easier to adapt each segment separately to environmental pressures, responding to different necessities, than adapting the whole body to it, developing a new organ for each necessity. Also, it is a strategy to defend themselves from predators by rolling up.
Bacteria take on many roles in the environment. They act as decomposers at the end of food chains and food webs. During decomposition, they also liberate advantageous gases and nutrients which are used by other living beings.
Some bacteria also participate in the nitrogen cycle, making fixation of nitrogen, nitrification and denitrification, almost always in mutualist ecological interaction with plants.
Bacteria also live inside us; there are over 500 species of bacteria in the human gut and they are responsible for carbohydrate fermentation and absorption; prevention of the growth of pathogenic microbes in the gut by occupying the space that would otherwise be used by harmful microbes; and they are also involved in immunity, metabolic function and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease.
<span>Excessive proliferation or mass destruction of bacteria can impact entire ecosystems. For example, when a river is polluted by organic material the population of aerobic bacteria increases since the organic material is food for them; the great number of bacteria then exhausts the oxygen dissolved in water and other aerobic beings (like fishes) undergo mass death.
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