Answer:
Adaptive immune responses are triggered by activation of antigen-specific T cells that produce antibodies against foreign antigens such as, for example, harmful viruses. These immune responses are useful to eliminate dangerous molecules from the body. In a normal immune reaction, the antibodies produced by T-cells target antigen molecules in order to be subsequently absorbed by phagocytic macrophage cells.
Autoimmune diseases are triggered by the response of the adaptive immune system against self-antigen molecules. Since the immune system can not eliminate antigens from the own body, this immune reaction generates an excessive inflammatory response, and it may lead to the damage of tissues and organs.
<span>The key points about cell theory are as follows:
1. All living organisms are made up of cells; the organisms may be unicellular or multi cellular.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. New cells are derived from pre-existing cells.
4. All cells maintain homeostasis.
Some new facts have been added to these basic facts; the new facts added include the following:
(A). Energy flow occur withing all living cells.
(B). Hereditary information derived from DNA is passed from cell to cell.
(C). All living cells are made up of the same basic chemical compositions.</span>
As the leaf surface area decreases ; Number of leaves increase inmost plants.
As the leaf surface area increases, the rate of transpiration increases as well because leaves with large surface areas have bigger stomata. also the smaller the leave surface area of a plant/tree the denser the leaves the plants/tree will have.
Trees with tiny leaves tend to have a lot of leaves because of the decrease transpiration rate occurring in the leaves of the plants .
Hence we can conclude that what generally happens to the number of leaves as leaf surface area decrease is number of leaves increases in most plants.
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Answer:
Mitochondrial proteins enter the organelle through channels formed by membrane proteins present in its inner and outer membranes.
Explanation:
All the biological membranes have lipid bilayer with the non-polar core that does not allow entry of charged and large substances. Mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and the unfolded proteins bind to the chaperons that deliver them to the receptors present in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
The receptor moves the protein to the membrane channels formed by integral membrane proteins of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. The proteins enter the intermembrane space and are targeted to the inner membrane through channels while chaperons are left outside only.
<span>Two locations can differ in their food, religion, customers, based on their heritage. Much of the time, the history of a nation often determines where it stands today. Examples include Great Britain. A nation that always had a singular ruler and even in today's age, there is a King and Queen, something that is not often seen among other nations.</span>
