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3 years ago

Explanation historical development of computer

Computers and Technology

1 answer:

RUDIKE [14]3 years ago

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Answer:

Brief History Of Computer. The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage. ... Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built.

Explanation:

Computers and electronics play an enormous role in today's society, impacting everything from communication and medicine to science.

Although computers are typically viewed as a modern invention involving electronics, computing predates the use of electrical devices. The ancient abacus was perhaps the first digital computing device. Analog computing dates back several millennia as primitive computing devices were used as early as the ancient Greeks and Romans, the most known complex of which being the Antikythera mechanism. Later devices such as the castle clock (1206), slide rule (c. 1624) and Babbage's Difference Engine (1822) are other examples of early mechanical analog computers.

The introduction of electric power in the 19th century led to the rise of electrical and hybrid electro-mechanical devices to carry out both digital (Hollerith punch-card machine) and analog (Bush’s differential analyzer) calculation. Telephone switching came to be based on this technology, which led to the development of machines that we would recognize as early computers.

The presentation of the Edison Effect in 1885 provided the theoretical background for electronic devices. Originally in the form of vacuum tubes, electronic components were rapidly integrated into electric devices, revolutionizing radio and later television. It was in computers however, where the full impact of electronics was felt. Analog computers used to calculate ballistics were crucial to the outcome of World War II, and the Colossus and the ENIAC, the two earliest electronic digital computers, were developed during the war.

With the invention of solid-state electronics, the transistor and ultimately the integrated circuit, computers would become much smaller and eventually affordable for the average consumer. Today “computers” are present in nearly every aspect of everyday life, from watches to automobiles.

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Explanation:

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3 years ago

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#include #include int main( ) { int value = 10; int pid; value += 5; pid = fork( ); if (pid > 0 ) { value += 20; } printf(val

ss7ja [257]

Explanation:

To understand how this program is working let us print the variable value at different stages of the program so that we can understand how it is working.

Intitally, value=10 when it was declared.

Then we added 5 and it become value=15

then we used fork() function which creates a parent(orignal) and child(duplicate)

When fork() succeeds it returns the child pid to parent and returns 0 to the child. As you can see (pid > 0) condition is always true therefore the parent pid value becomes 35 ( 15+20) and the child pid value becomes 0.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <unistd.h>

int main( ) {

int value = 10;

printf("%d\n",value);

int pid;

value += 5;

printf("%d\n",value);

pid = fork( );

printf("%d\n",pid);

if (pid > 0 )

{

value += 20;

}

printf("%d\n",value);

return 0;

}

Output:

10 (initial value)

15 (modified value)

5343 (pid when fork is used)

35 (final modified value)

0 (child value)

15 (the parent value when fork was used)

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4 years ago

How each programming language differs in terms of constructs, techniques, use and requirements?

Anuta_ua [19.1K]

Programming languages are (designed to be) easily used by machines, but not people.

Natural languages (like English) are easily used by humans, but not machines.

Programming languages are unambiguous, while natural languages are often multiply ambiguous and require interpretation in context to be fully understood (also why it’s so hard to get machines to understand them). Natural languages are also creative and allow poetry, metaphor and other interpretations. Programming does allow some variation in style, but the meaning is not flexible.

Lojban (Wikipedia) is an artificial language designed to try to bridge the gap between these two types of languages. It is specifically unambiguous yet something that a human can pronounce and even speak meaningfully. It can be considered a somewhat successful experiment yet limited in functionality in some ways in both domains (and not a real substitute for a normal programming language, but perhaps useful as an interface).

Natural languages consist of sentences, usually declarative sentences expressing information in a sequence. Programming languages typically are not declarative but procedural, giving instructions to the machine to do something (like commands in natural languages). Rarely, programming languages are declarative, such as Prolog, where statements are given to the computer, then the evaluation consists of finding possible solutions that match those statements (generate a list of words based on possible combinations of letters as defined just by letter-combining rules, for example).

The vocabulary of natural languages is filled with conceptual terms. The vocabulary of programming languages is generally only ‘grammatical’/functional ‘words’ like basic comments, plus various custom-named things like variables and functions. There are no words like you’d look up in a dictionary to express something like ‘love’ or ‘happy’ or ‘sing’.

The grammatical structures vary in more ways than are easy to list here. But some of the most obvious factors are that words don’t have separable parts in programming languages (like English cat-s to form a plural) [=no morphology], and that via brackets, line breaks or other markers, embedding tends to be overtly and clearly marked on both sides for the parser in programming languages, whereas spoken languages usually only have one word (like “that”) linking embedded sentences, and sometimes no word at all. This is another reason that parsing human languages is so hard on a computer.

You could also look at Hockett’s design features and see which apply to programming languages: What is the difference between human and animal language?

In a very general sense, programming languages aren’t used for bidirectional communication and may not properly be considered “languages” in the same sense as natural languages. Just looking at Hockett’s features, they’re completely distinct in being written only, do not involve interchangeability between the speaker and hearer, do not have ‘duality of patterning’ meaning multiple layers of structure as sounds vs. phrases (phonology vs. syntax), and are not transmitted culturally (well, maybe). It’s just very hard to even try to make the comparison.

Most fundamentally, it is worth asking if programming languages even have meaning, or if they are just instructions. This is similar to the Chinese room thought experiment— given a book of instructions for how to translate Chinese, but without actually understanding it, would a human (or computer) with that book be considered to “know” Chinese? Probably not. A computer doesn’t “know” anything, it just does what the instructions tell it to. Therefore, programming languages have no semantics/meaning. They just are instructions, which translate into electronic signals, nothing more.

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Explanation:

Copy the code as many times as needed so that each usage is separate.

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Explanation historical development of computer ​

Explanation historical development of computer