This is a personification. An idiom would be something like a proverb while hyperbole would be exaggeration. A metaphor is when there's a meaning that's implied. Personification is when you give objects that don't behave like people, human traits. The raven in reality probably doesn't say anything, just croaks or whatever, but in the poem he keeps saying it because it's a poem.
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Personification because the sun can't actually sleep and the ocean doesn't actually have arms.
Ramadan probably has more in common with Yom Kippur, the Jewish day of atonement, than with Lent. Although Yom Kippur is just one day, the fasting regimen is similar to Ramadan, as is the notion of submission and forgiveness. That’s all I know sorry -.-
So that you know what your essay is about you need evidence to build you argument on
