In the state and area where the crime took place. If a crime is committed in one area, it’s not fair for them to give a trial in an area in which the crime wasn’t located.
Two modern states characterized by Spartan suppression of the individual are: Nazi Germany and Communist Russia, since these were very extractive and violent institutions (although Nazi Germany was worse).
Roman empire had provincial organization controlled by the strong millitary. Provincial governors were appointed by the emperor but had little say in decision making. This structure enabled the imperial government total control over the provinces even those who were further away from Rome.
"T<span>hat European nations would have to alert one another about any African territory they claimed" would be the best option, since this was at the prime era of colonization in Africa. </span>
