<span>If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm hg to 35 mm hg, net filtration would decrease.</span>
Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
<span>The ash trees are being cut when the show signs of
infestation of the ash borer. Ash borer in particular the Emerald Ash Borer
(EAB) is a tiny bug but can really do a great damage to the tree. When the tree
is infested with the ash borer, they lay their eggs in the bark of tree, when
the eggs hatch the lavas would start eating on the inner tissues of the tree
blocking the flow of nutrients and water in the tree that causes the tree’s to
death. If the tree is infested they cut
it down, burn and bury the wood to stop the spread of infestation. Ash trees
are valued for its strength and elasticity that is often used to make baseball
bats, bows, tool handles and other products that needs durable wood.</span>
C. The increase in average global temperatures caused by greenhouse gases
