<span>The best answer to the question: "The destruction of salt marshes will directly harm each organism except" ... is Algae. Algae blooms are the biggest outcome of salt marsh destructions, which starve the water of oxygen making it uninhabitable, as the algae grows, it covers the surface of the water and harms almost every organism part of that ecosystem. So I would say algae.</span><span />
Human monoclonal antibody (mAbs) are emerging in the field of cancer therapy and have become an increasing proportion of new drugs that are recently approved. Although there are some methods to obtain antigen-specific mAbs from human B cells, it is generally impossible to directly immunize human beings with antigens of interest. For example, for infectious agents, those approaches are largely restricted. To solve these obstacles, two main approaches have been developed; either by humanizing antigen-specific antibodies from small experimental animals (which is laborious due to the great genetic differences from humans) or rely on the in vitro selection of antigen-specific binders from human antibody repertoires. However, the human mAbs developed by these methods are usually with low affinity.
We are now coming up with a much better idea that is humanizing non-human primates mAbs instead of murine mAbs. Due to the close genetic relationship with humans, immunized NHPs have more potential to be isolated with high affinity antibody to human target than other experimental species, such as mouse, rat and rabbit. In addition, with appropriate method, NHP antibodies are much<span> easier to be humanized</span> without any loss of affinity compared to widely used murine antibodies.
Resource: http://www.creative-biolabs.com/High-Affi-TM-Human-Antibody-Discovery.html
Answer: A - Uptake of food and water by plants
The xylem vessels in the roots of the plants use the mechanism of capillary action and work against gravity to pull water molecules and nutrients from the soil and carry them upwards to the leaves of the plant to provide nourishment to the plant.
The difference between plant cells and animal cells is that most animal cells are round whereas most plant cells are rectangular. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.