In the year 1453 the major incident that happened was the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople. The correct option among all the options given in the question is option "b". The Byzantine Empire ended with the fall of Constantinople. The capital of the Byzantine Empire was captured by the Ottoman conqueror Sultan Mehmed II. Curtains came down on the great Byzantine empire and the rule of the Ottoman Turks started in Constantinople. This was a major historical event that occurred during the year 1453.
In order to vote in elections in the United States of America, you have to be a U.S citizen. You can not vote if you do not have a U.S citizenship. Green card holders can not vote until they become naturalized U.S citizens. In basic terms, if you want to have the right to vote in the U.S, you need to become a U.S citizen through naturalization (legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country).
Pros-
People get a say in who becomes judge.
Cons-
Could be Biased
Pro(2)-
A smaller possiblity that the judge was appointed under corruption
Con(2)-
Only a small possibility (not completely guaranteed to be uncorrupt)