The natural spreading of particles through a liquid or gas is called diffusion
This question is incomplete as the specific food chain is not provided. In general, a food chain will have a primary producer at the base of the chain. This is an organism that is able to utilise a form of energy to convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to a carbohydrate. For terrestrial food chains, these are typically plants, who by utilising the energy from the sun, are able to convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. The subsequent level in the food chain may be a primary consumer, typically herbivores, that consume plant matter. Subsequent links in the chain would typically be secondary consumers, who would be carnivores, omnivores or decomposers. Carnivores would typically be predators and would be at the apex of the food chain. Energy is lost from one link to the subsequent link in the food chain, through basic respiration and inefficient energy transfer from one link to another. This explains why more resources (land, water and air) are required to grow meat rather than plant matter. More of the sun's energy is available within the lower trophic levels in a food chain, before much of it is lost as energy moves up the food chain. An easy example to illustrate this is that much of the livestock raised in the USA is fed grain. If people rather ate the grain than the livestock, they could obtain all their required energy from a smaller amount of grain then would be needed to raise the meat they require.
Pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase catalyze reactions of gluconeogenesis that bypass the reaction of glycolysis that is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase.
<h3>Gluconeogenesis:</h3>
The tissues of some organs, including the brain, the eye, and the kidney, use glucose as their primary or only source of metabolic fuel. Glycogen stores become exhausted during a protracted fast or intense exercise, and glucose must be created from scratch to keep blood glucose levels stable. The process through which glucose is created from non-hexose precursors such glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and glucogenic amino acids is known as gluconeogenesis.
Glycolysis is effectively reversed during glucose synthesis. However, gluconeogenesis makes use of four distinct enzymes to skip the three highly exergonic (and essentially irreversible) phases of glycolysis. The pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphatase enzymes are specific to gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis can only take place in particular tissues because these enzymes are not found in all cell types. In humans, the liver and, to a lesser extent, the renal cortex are the primary locations for gluconeogenesis.
Learn more about Gluconeogenesis here:
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Answer:
B. Oncogene
Explanation:
A gene that makes the body cells to divide in an uncontrolled manner is called an oncogene. An oncogene is responsible for the development of tumors due to disturbed regulation of cell division. The gene src makes the cells to enter the process of cell division in response to the growth factors.
However, the mutant src gene does not require the presence of growth factors and signals the cells to enter the process of cell division even in the absence of the growth factors. Since the mutant src gene causes uncontrolled cell division, it represents an oncogene.
