Spain is a good example of how most conquered peoples of other faiths were treated under the Umayyad caliphate because, Christians, and non-Arabic speaking Muslims there were all kept strictly separated from wider Arabic-speaking Muslim society. From 711 to 1492 the Umayyad caliphate ruled over Spain. Christians and Jews did have restrictions but they were able to live peacefully with each other. Jews and Christians had some freedom if they obeyed a given set of rules; for instance, acknowledging Muslim superiority and not trying to convert Muslims. Christian and Jews were not forced to live in a certain area, they did not have restrictions regarding their type of job, they were not enslaved or prevented from following their faith. This enabled Jews and Christian to contribute to society and was a great example of religious tolerance for that time. Nevertheless, the Arabic speaking Muslims had privileges in society, they needed to pay less taxes are mantained themselves seperated from the non-Arabic speaking population. However, many Arabic words were incorporated to the Spanish vocabulary.
President Roosevelt hoped to bring people a renewed sense of hope. He also wanted to give them a sense of competent leadership. Finally, he had hoped to give American people confidence in their government.
<h2>The Torah</h2>
-- from the Jewish Scriptures (which Christians refer to as the Old Testament).
Further details:
The ancient Hebrew Bible began with the "Torah," that is, "The Law," which was given through the leader of Israel, Moses. Most of us are familiar with the Ten Commandments as given to Israel through Moses. Those famous "Ten Commandments" are essentially a concise summary of God's moral law for his people. The religion of Judaism was built on moral commands and human beings' ethical obligation to obey them. In fact, beyond those major summaries of God's law in the Ten Commandments, the Jewish rabbis counted a total of 613 commands given in the Torah (the books of Moses).
Many legal systems have looked to the basic ethical foundation of law in the Jewish Scriptures. The examples cited in the question include things specific to Jewish religion, however. Making thievery (stealing) a punishable offense would be a basic moral principle. Outlawing polytheism and work on the Sabbath would be specific religious views of Judaism.
