The "scissors" of the molecular biology are: DNA Restriction enzymes.
A restriction enzyme is a protein capable of cleaving a DNA fragment at a characteristic nucleotide sequence called a restriction site. Each restriction enzyme thus recognizes a specific site. Several hundred restriction enzymes are currently known.
Naturally present in a large number of species of bacteria, these enzymes have become important tools in genetic engineering.
The "glue" of the molecular biology are: DNA ligase
In molecular biology, DNA ligases are ligase-class enzymes that catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two segments of DNA. DNA ligases are involved in several essential cellular processes of DNA metabolism: in DNA replication, suture of Okazaki fragments, and in DNA repair and homologous recombination.
The use of these tools in molecular biology: Cloning
Molecular cloning is one of the bases of genetic engineering. It consists of inserting a DNA fragment (called insert) in an appropriate vector such as a plasmid for example. The new plasmid thus created will then be introduced into a host cell, generally the Escherichia coli bacterium. This will then be selected and multiplied to obtain a large amount of the plasmid of interest. Cloning a gene involves inserting it into a plasmid. A clone will be the bacterial transformant that contains this particular plasmid. In this case we speak of clone because all the individuals of the bacterial colony are genetically identical. Molecular cloning is thus different from reproductive cloning (creating an individual genetically identical to another but of a different age) or therapeutic cloning (making tissues from stem cells to perform transplants compatible with the recipient).
Molecular cloning requires restriction enzymes capable of cleaving the DNA, and DNA ligase capable of re-gluing the DNA fragments. Ligase was isolated for the first time from T4 bacteriophage. This enzyme is involved in the repair and replication of DNA. It can bind DNA fragments with compatible sticky ends. At higher concentration, this enzyme is also able to bind two ends of DNA as shown here. T4 DNA ligase works using ATP and Mg ++. It has an activity optimum of 16 ° C, but remains active at room temperature.
Answer: they are distinguished from one another <span>by the number of fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone.
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<span>A monoglyceride is a molecule formed by a glycerol backbone and one
fatty acid covalently bonded to it through ester linkages.
</span>A diglyceride is a molecule formed by a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to it through ester linkages.
A tryglyceride is a molecule formed by a glycerol backbone and three fatty
acid chains covalently bonded to it through ester linkages.
Explanation:
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<u>Solu</u><u>tion</u><u> </u><u>:</u><u>-</u>
In biology the word <em>bio</em><em> </em><em>catylysts</em><em> </em>describes the word enzymes . Bio catylysts are nothing but enzymes which alter the rate of reaction . For ex - Pepsinogen , which is produced in the stomach of humans activated by HCl from a proenzyme called trypsin . It works in acidic medium and converts proteins into peptides and protons . Likewise there is another enzyme called Salivary amylase which is present in the saliva of humans converts starch into maltose . There is another enzyme called lipase which converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol .
