Transverse waves contain crests & troughs
while longitudinal waves contains compressions &rarefactions.
The species of plankton found in sediments and their isotope ratios can show the temperature of the overlying waters when the sediments were deposited.
The word you are looking for is aquifers. Aquifers are a body of permeable rock that allows a specific substance that is a liquid or a gas to pass through. In this case, it would be allowing water to pass through.
